Literature Review Gender Discrimination - 6595 Words

BUSI 600 - Literature Review Tony Hinds Liberty University Dr. Janet Jones October 11, 2013 Abstract The purpose of this literature review is to identify, discuss, and address gender discrimination in the workplace. Due to the broad spectrum of research regarding gender discrimination, this paper will primarily focus on women and pregnancy discrimination. This paper will attempt to uncover the obstacles and challenges experienced by women as they are subjected to the employment process and, if accepted for employment, what could await them within their workplace once they begin working. The statistical data collected and compiled within this literature review will attempt to support and prove that discrimination still exists today.†¦show more content†¦Employment Process Discrimination The one statement throughout this research that has become commonplace among researcher’s is that â€Å"the hiring process is currently the least understood aspect of the employment relationship. It may be the most important for understanding the broad processes of stratification with allocation of demographic groups to jobs and firms. The lack of knowledge is due to difficulty of assembling data on the processes that occur at the point of hire† (Petersen amp; Togstad, 2006). There are many improvements that could and should be made to the hiring process to ensure fairness is of the utmost importance. In the past women have predominantly worked in the home as homemakers, cooks, and housekeepers. As they began to enter the workforce in droves and compete with men for various jobs to include management level positions, they were deemed unqualified for what was thought of to be a â€Å"man’s job†. Women, when hired, were usually â€Å"relegated to front office administrative or clerical positions. They alternative to these positions would be cooks, cleaning, and childcare related positions similar to what they had been doing domestically. Employers who engaged in unfair hiring practices attempted to justify making their discriminatoryShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : The United States Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 29, 2016 Literature Review Literature Review The United States has quite a storied history in terms of discrimination towards women in the workplace. Such discrimination only increases when the events of childbirth are taken into account. When women give birth, they often opt to stay lengthy amounts of time with the members of the family as opposed to remaining in the workplace for the duration of their maternity leave. Thus, there is increased rates of discrimination towards these womenRead MoreAsian American And Asian Americans Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans comprise only about 5% of the U.S. population, this group is the fastest growing segment of American society. Despite such rapid expansion, Asian Americans are widely underrepresented throughout media, whether in television, cinema, or literature. Moreover, there are different stereotypes associated with Asian Americans. One of the most pervasive stereotypes details how Asian Americans are a â€Å"model minority†. In essence, this myth describes how any one who is Asian American will become aRead MoreGender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan1465 Words   |  6 Pages| Gender Wage Discrimination in Pakistan | Evidence from Pakistan 2008/09 and 2010/11 | | | | Table of Contents Introduction 2 Literature Review 2 Methodology 3 Variables Used – Characteristics of Workers 5 Results 7 Discussion 7 Bibliography 8 Appendix A 9 Selectivity Bias Logit Regression Results: 9 Introduction This paper explores the dynamics of gender wage discrimination in Pakistan for two data sets; Labour Force Survey for the year 2008/09 and 2010/11Read MoreA Glance At Modern Society1147 Words   |  5 Pagesprejudice, and discrimination causing oppression within society. â€Å"†¦ as official policy decision appear to redefine the importance of human interaction in terms of economic relationship†¦ Ruiz and Mà ­nguez (2001) observe that such environments prompt immoralities such as ‘poverty, inequality, and exclusion’† (qtd. in Lucey, Agnello, and Hawkins 2). Homophobia can be described as an antipathy towards homosexual individuals. Those individuals are subjected to prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in theirRead MoreThe Current Status Of Women999 Words   |  4 Pages6.1 Scope of the chapter This chapter provides a review and summarises the research findings, as well as draws conclusions with regards to the research aim and objectives. The limitations of the study are then outlined, followed by recommendations for the industry for improvement, before recommendations are made for future research in order to development the subject. 6.2 Revising of Research Objectives and Evaluation of Hypothesis The following research objectives, aimed to achieve in thisRead MoreRunning Head : Gender Inequality And Women1526 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN 1 Gender Inequality and Women in Employment: Hiring, Promotions, and Salaries Amanda Rogers Chapman University GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN 2 Gender Inequality and Women in Employment: Hiring, Promotions, and Salaries In the workplaceRead MoreBarriers Of Beliefs About Intelligence And Cognitive Abilities, Self Assessment, And Discrimination By Stereotyping1674 Words   |  7 PagesThis literature review focuses on the available literature about the barriers for women going into engineering leading to the underrepresentation of women in engineering. â€Å"Only 8% of British engineers are women, the lowest proportion in Europe, and well behind Germany (15%), Sweden (25%) and top-performing Latvia (30%)† (Rankin, 2014). Over the last few years, women in engineering has become a major research topic, though a large majority of the research available focuses on STEM (Science, EngineeringRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagestheir male peers. Progress has been make towards gender workplace equality but gender workplace discrimination continues to be an impediment to gender equality. For the purpose of research on gender workplace discrimin ation, I used four journal articles. The first article, Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias, by author William T. Bielby, discusses stereotyping in the workplace. The article offers suggestions on how organizations should review their policy and procedures to minimize bias inRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace1356 Words   |  6 Pagescontributes to women being paid less than men. According to Ryan and Branscombe (2013), gender discrimination has been defined as the differential treatment members of one group receive compared to another by many social psychologists. It has been said that in 2007 the Office for National Statistics (2013) says that the medium hourly pay between men and women as the lowest since regards began being a gap of 12.5%. This review will discuss the reasons for inequality and if it still exists. This segmentRead MoreThe Sexual Orientation Of Parents Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 1: Stacey, J., Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66(2), 159-183. The goal of this study was to dispute the negative â€Å"heterosexism† perceptions attached to the development of children with parents who identify as gay and lesbian. The authors focused on the analysis of previous research findings, comparing the outcomes of the children from heterosexual single-mothers and homosexual parents, particularly lesbian

New Venture Creation Free Essays

Introduction of a New Venture Creation Our aim- to engage with SimVenture; a business simulation that allowed us to build and sell computers through our virtual company named ‘Genesis’. The formation and running of our virtual company integrated us with new venture creation and about being an entrepreneur. It reinforced concepts previously presented in our course lectures and engaged us in a competitive and volatile business environment. We will write a custom essay sample on New Venture Creation or any similar topic only for you Order Now SimVenture ran for three virtual years with five members on its team- each with a different role in the company. [pic] Home Screen for Genesis on SimVenture This report accounts for the working and performance of Genesis in financial and operational terms with the key decisions taken in running the organisation, and my involvement in the operation of the business. We needed to fully utilize the features that arose with new ventures, by making sound decisions. These features included innovation, fast growth, vision, employment creation and money making power, along with the ability to take greater risks for higher returns. (Stages in Planning for a New Business Venture) The Operation of Genesis After conducting market research, we decided our target market to be the ‘Corporations’ industry due to its characteristics of high order and market size. Selling points were decided after noting the requirements of Corporations, demonstrating that we used consumer driven marketing strategy where we researched the needs of the consumer before making our product. Competitor research was also carried out to see what products were offered at what prices so that we could decide the mix of attributes and price of our product. In an article ‘How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy’ in Harvard Business Review (2008), Michael Porter discussed the factors that lead to changes in strategy due to competition. As per the needs of Corporations, our product design had vast features, good performance and style, and average quality. We purchased components for Genesis throughout the three years from a small wholesaler, Sourceline, who offered the best discounts relative to credit terms. From commencement, we decided to outsource all production since this would give us more time to invest somewhere else in the business. This however, can affect the business negatively because of problems of relying on the producer in terms of delays. Even so, this saved us time, space and equipment. (Harvard Business Review, 2008) Genesis Product Mix Customer feedback research was carried out every quarter of the financial year till the end of the period, keeping us well informed of customer feedback on our product. Customer Feedback for Genesis [pic] Our goal for Genesis was to be a well known and highly publicized brand within these three years of operation. As per our marketing strategy, rigorous advertising was carried out with the local newspaper. TV and radio adverts were included along with trade magazines. A network was joined where entrepreneurs would meet and increase their business circles and potential customer base. Leads were generated starting from 1000 going up to 9999. A premium website was also created for e-commerce and to provide online customer support. Lastly, we held annual exhibitions for three years at ‘Meet the Corporate Buyer’ to promote our product to the corporate sector. Competitive pricing was adopted, making the product relatively cheaper for the superior attributes Genesis offered as compared to the competitors. Sales channels were kept at various hours in personal selling (entrepreneurial marketing) and a contract with a distributor to sell our product from the second month of the operation of Genesis was concluded. In the third year, a major accomplishment of the business was the addition of another distributor which sufficiently expanded sales. (Establishing Competitive Prices) The ‘Organisation’ I started my role of the ‘Organisation’ by the completing all legal requirements within the first month of the running of Genesis. This would give us an upper hand in the future, where legal requirements may need to be met. For example, if we urgently required another employee to increase the workforce, time would not be wasted, as our Employee Contract would already be prepared. Also, setting up a Limited Company would portray Genesis as a more professional and successful company, making it better for its image. Furthermore, Health and Safety Contracts and Distributor Contracts were created in order to avoid any problems later when employees needed to be hired or when we contracted with a distributor. [pic] The second step was of recruitment and selection. With the feedback of the team, we gradually increased the number of employees working for Genesis, ensuring that all of them were proficient in a variety of skills. Joseph Schumpeter states, â€Å"Individuals with key experiences and expertise are key elements in the new venture creation†- Schumpeterian ? Unternehmergeist’ (Fiery souls). Therefore, all the employees, including the entrepreneur, received significant amounts of training so that they could work to the best of their potential. As numbers of employees grew, we shifted from external sources of training to on the job training. This decreased our costs since more employees could avail the training opportunity at the same cost. It was crucial to ensure that stress levels for the employees and entrepreneur was controlled, because if neglected, this would decrease efficiency and lead to obscuring time management. The entrepreneur was heavily trained in sales and marketing, fields he was not experienced in, since being an only employee at the start, it was up to him to suffice sales. Another key decision taken was that the entrepreneur was made to work full time and quit his previous job (as long as his income was not less than that at his previous job as this could be a dissatisfactory factor), so that he could concentrate more on Genesis and make it his primary source of income. (Wikipedia, Joseph Schumpeter) Workforce of Genesis [pic] The third limb of organisation was resources. Before incurring any shortage of storage space, Genesis was relocated onto bigger and more favourable premises with 1000 square feet of space, gaining a better image within the first year coupled with enhancement of our customer pool. We continued to purchase tools, office equipment, furniture, and transport so that the employee to resource ratio was not distorted to lower productivity. Finally, maintenance, cleaning and IT support were also contracted out, creating a sound structural base for Genesis and saving time on trivial matters. pic] Relocated Premises of Genesis Financial Aspect of Genesis This section will critically evaluate the financial performance of Genesis and will be an explanation of the available financial data on the business. [pic] First and foremost, we needed our monetary sources mapped out to overcome the financing gap many small firms face. The ? 10000 of savings of the entrepreneur was taken as the start-up capital to finance our new venture. We also acquire d two grants of ? 500 each from the government for training and promotion of new ventures. Being a new business, we could avail the option of taking a loan from friends and family or from a bank, but opted not to do so as this would only raise our future costs in terms of interest payments. Lastly, selling equity to private investors was ruled out as we did not want to dilute the ownership of the business. We hired a bookkeeper in the first month of the business so that we could be updated with the accounts and forecasting of Profit and Loss, Cashflow, Balance Sheet, Ratios, Budgets and Targets. This is crucial for any business because it shows if the company is financially viable. Moreover, we used ratios to analyze company figures. In the above figure, we see that the rate of capital employed is 34%, showing that the company is profitable. The current ratio is supposed to be around 1. 5 to be good in terms of liquidity. The current ratio of Genesis is at 10. 4, demonstrating that there is less risk for customers and stakeholders to lose their money. Since we took no loans, our gearing ratio is zero. The asset turnover ratio shows us that the company’s assets are being used efficiently to generate sales (greater than 1 shows that the company is operating efficiently). As discussed earlier, we purchased components from Sourceline. Sourceline offered a 30 days payment term and provided 10% discount for purchases done for over 2000 components. This was favourable for us since by the end of three years, 18500 components were ordered, availing the 10% discount. The credit terms gave us time to pay our debts and that money could be utilized somewhere else in the business. From the profit forecast, and the last operational month’s costs, we get the breakeven point of 83 units. This is considerably lower than the actual sales of 295 units and shows the success of the company by its large margin of safety. Throughout the three years, we saw a steady increase in the bank balance from ? 207,000 at the end of the first year to ? 1,044,500 by the end of the third year. This would show any viewer the success and growth of the company from its initial start up with ? 10,000. In the first two months of the third financial year, another key decision was that we decided to give a promotional 10% discount for two months on sales, resulting in increased sales as we were incurring all advertisement costs together at the beginning of the year. (Pricing Strategy) Bank Balance Increase in the 3rd Year of Operation | |Operational Year | | |1st |2nd |3rd | |Bank Balance |? 20,6951 |? 718,807 |? 1,044,510 | |Profit |? 44,837 |? 25,805 |? 8,310 | |Debtors |? 170,600 |? 96,080 |? 186,180 | Conclusion Even though we had a faced a major problem after the first mentoring session, we succeeded. Our problem- we had lost the venture on the computer! We had to play it all over again and just hope that it kept going as smooth as it did in the previous game. And it did. That being said, there were still decisions that we could have taken differently to provide a different outcome for Genesis. Perhaps we could have decided differently with respect to costing strategies, for example by dividing the costs of the business (advertising etc) evenly throughout the year instead of incurring them together at the start of each year. Also since there were a lot of leads generated and not enough sales in comparison, advertising could have been decreased, allowing more resources to be available for the business. Furthermore, we could have not implemented just-in-time (JIT) stock and kept stocks so that the first two months could have been utilized for production even though there were no sales. Another decision taken differently could have been that we could have started doing partial in-house production after the first year since significant idle time emerged. The product of Genesis could also have been altered to a different mix of attributes to show an innovating product which has reached its maturity period and now wants to sustain its growth. When we decided a 10% decrease in price for two months, our product was ‘better than it needed to be’, showing that we were bordering the line of giving the customer too much for its price. Lastly, we neglected to conduct a SWOT and PEST analysis. These could have provided us with a major competitive advantage if we were in the real world and in fact, would have been a necessity. Although spoken about in general, it was not officially conducted which I could say, was a mistake. PEST Analysis SWOT Analysis [pic] Every member of our group felt that our business was running like a well-oiled machine. The team worked well together and gave a professional and productive environment, as demonstrated by the outcome of Genesis. It was established that together we were going to gain much more than we could alone and that unity is what would get us ahead- be it a game or real life. For this very reason, I can call myself a team player. References 1) All business, â€Å"Establishing Competitive Prices†, Retrieved on 26th April 2010 from 2) New Venture Creation, Webct, â€Å"SWOT Analysis† and â€Å"Pest Analysis† Illustrations Porter, Michael E, Harvard Business Review (2008), â€Å"The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy†, Retrieved on 25th April 2010 from â€Å"Pricing Strategy†, Retrieved on 26th April 2010 from 3) â€Å"Stages in Planning for a New Business Venture†, Retrieved on 25th April 2010 from Wikipedia, â€Å"Joseph Schumpeter†, Retrieved on 27th April 2010 from How to cite New Venture Creation, Essay examples

Palliative Care Practice

Question: Discuss about the Palliative Care Practice. Answer: Actual nursing plan: Name of patient: Mohammed Rizzo Actual nursing diagnosis: Fluid Balance deficit related to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia being NBO before and after, fluid loss during chemotherapy, vomiting and nausea as evidenced by Hypotension 90/50, Tachycardia 112, short breath, thirst, poor skin turgor, and dry mucous membranes. The patient is 7 years old, a Muslim and lives with his grandmother in the villages. Pathophysiology The fluid volume deficit refers to a decrease in the inter/intrastitial fluids in the intravascular system of the body. It is caused by excess loss of fluids especially due to vomiting and diarrhoea, poor fluid regulation mechanisms or insufficient intake of water. The fluid volume deficit can occur singly or in combination with electrolyte and acid-base fluctuations. The major cause of fluid volume deficit is increased loss of fluids in the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, this loss is through diarrhoea, vomiting, intestinal fistula and drainage, renal loss of water and sodium from kidneys and through sweating and finally through increased bleeding. In the case of fluid volume deficit resulting from inadequate intake of fluids, this can be due to lack of sufficient fluids, inability to swallow fluids or gastrointestinal trauma. It is important however, to note that the old age predisposes people to fluid volume deficit. This condition can either occur slowly or fast depending o n the cause of the fluid loss (LeMone, 2017). When extracellular fluids are lost, this results in an inability for blood to circulate. This is because there are electrolytes which are also lost along with the fluids and creates an isotonic fluid volume deficit. Loss of fluids together with electrolytes makes the sodium ions level to be at normal range while the level of potassium drops. Nursing diagnosis Goals Interventions Rationaile Evaluation fluid deficit volume as a result of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia The extracellular cells volume will be restored in order to attain a homeostatic state. Fluid challenge- it is the increase in the stroke volume by about 15 % upon administration of 500 mL of crystalloid fir ten to fifteen minutes. The fluid challenge involves administration of small amounts of fluids within a short period of time intervals (Mallat et al., 2015). It helps in the determination of whether there patient has got a preload reserve which can then be used to raise the stroke volumes. Fluid challenge in this goal of care, the effectiveness can be determined by observing arterial pressure which is above 65 mm Hg, increased blood pressure of above 90 mm Hg, polyuria, and decrease of heartbeats to 72 heart beats per minute and reduced lactic acidosis. Potential Plan Name of patient: Mohammed Rizzo Potential nursing diagnosis: Mr Mohammed Rizzo is at risk of anxiety. This is evidenced by, the patients age (7 years); he is suffering restlessness, poor control of impulse, apprehensiveness and low attention. Pathophysiology Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness upon activation of the nervous system in response to some stimuli which in turn cause cognitive, behavioural, physical and emotional feelings (Lader, 2015). The patient is characterized with unexplainable worry, panic for no reason and fear of objects. Anxiety is caused by interaction of biophysical factors as a result of stress and trauma. For instance, the anxiety stems from the amygdala a cluster of neurons in the brain and it is responsible for the body actions. Since the amygdala stores memories, once it is triggered by the stimuli, it distributes the distress signals to other brain portions (Lissek et al., 2014). Nursing diagnosis Goals Interventions Rationaile Evaluation fluid deficit volume as a result of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Remain with the patient nearly every time especially when there are high levels of panic. Develop a trustworthy relationship between the nurse and the patient by paying close attention. Assess what the patient feels concerning the current situation within 24 hours verbally. Assess what the patient feels concerning the current situation within 24 hours verbally. The patient will be calm and attentive to the nurse within the next 24 hours. The patient will state in words his current situation before being discharged. Reference List Lader, M. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology (pp. 699-702). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. LeMone, Priscilla (2017). Medical-surgical nursing : critical thinking for person-centred care (Third edition). Melbourne, VIC Pearson Australia Lissek, S., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Rabin, S., Geraci, M., Pine, D. S., Grillon, C. (2014). Generalized anxiety disorder is associated with overgeneralization of classically conditioned fear. Biological psychiatry, 75(11), 909-915. Mallat, J., Meddour, M., Durville, E., Lemyze, M., Pepy, F., Temime, J., ... Tavernier, B. (2015). Decrease in pulse pressure and stroke volume variations after mini-fluid challenge accurately predicts fluid responsiveness. British journal of anaesthesia, 115(3), 449-456.

Why You Don’t Have to Be a Great Writer to Be a Successful Writer

Im not the best writer. Heck, I know Im not the greatest writer out there either. But, many new writers think or feel they need straight As in English or to major in Journalism to be a freelance writer. But, thats not the case. Online writing is much different than writing for print magazines or publications. While having the formal training in writing can totally help you with your freelance writing gigs, it isnt essential for you to start or succeed. Im a successful writer in spite of my non-journalism background. My background is in Psychology and education. I ghostwrite for top influencers in the blogging industry, write for popular blogs like Blogging Wizard and OptinMonster and recently landed a Huffington Post contributorship. All because Im not the greatest writer. So, why dont you need to be a Pulitzer prized writer to write for businesses? Your Clients Want Results Not Degrees Many entrepreneurs or small businesses arent concerned if you have formal training. What they are concerned with is   results and that means exceptional posts, not degrees. If you dont already know, around 50% of your web visitors can read at an 8th grade level. So, if youre writing at a college level for your clients, you could be turning off half of their audience. So, what do clients really care about when they hire a freelance writer? 1. Can You Write For the Web? Online clients want to know that you can write for the web. What does this mean? It means, can you write in a conversational tone? Online writing is easy to read, isnt filled with difficult words or fluff, and provides value to the reader. Writing blog posts also comes with its own set of formatting rules. When I write blog posts, I write short paragraphs, short sentences, and I structure my writing with subheadings. You can also add bullet or numbered lists to further break up your post. Blog writing is something I teach extensively in my Writeto1k course since this is the bulk of writing that I do and its highly lucrative. 2. Are You Confident in Your Abilities? Confidence is hard to come by when youre new to something. When I first started Applied Behavior Analysis for children with autism, I remember driving to work with sweaty palms. I was fearful that I wouldnt do a good job or that the child I was working with wouldnt progress. It was the same when I started freelance writing. I almost quit because of the fear. But, the one thing that helped me through it all was knowing that I had to keep putting myself out there no matter what. Whether it was pitching or guest posting, I knew that if I kept going with it, I would no longer be a new freelance writer. So, you see, even if you are a newbie and lack confidence, you just have to put that aside and start. Pitch a guest post idea, create your writer website, or ask your friends and family if they need a content writer. Clients want a confident writer that understands their services and can produce stellar content. When I landed my first gig, I didnt have any samples to show in the prospects niche. But, my confidence and how I was able to relate to the job posting probably helped in my favor when the prospect had to make a hiring decision. 3. Do You Have a Social Presence and Connections? Many writers dont think they need to be on social media or have a website to be a freelance writer. But in my opinion, to be a successful and in-demand writer, you do need to be on social media and you do need a writer website. I learned that quickly once I started landing jobs on Twitter and LinkedIn. Social media is the perfect place to grow your blog, showcase your work, and connect with prospects and businesses. You dont have to be on all the top social media profiles. I suggest you start with LinkedIn and Twitter. From there you can set up a Facebook fan page as a way to make more connections. Youre Running a Business You dont need to be a great writer, but you do need to know how to run a business. Freelance writing is a business not a hobby. Youre not going to always write about your favorite topics, or have weeks or months to perfect your piece. And youre not always going to have the choice on how you will write your pieces. Freelance writing means deadlines, editing, citing sources, keywords, copywriting and much more. Clients hire you to either help them free up more time or help them improve their conversion rate. So, what does it mean when you have a freelance writing business? 1. You Need to Market Your Services A popular saying among freelancers is you always gotta be hustling. Since you are the boss, its up to you to find freelance writing jobs. So, that means you need to always be marketing. There are several ways you can market yourself: Guest posting is a great way to show prospects you are credible, able to write and know your niche Comment on blogs you want to write for or that are in your niche. A prospect may see your comments and decide to get to know you better. Follow prospects on social media. Get on the radar of top businesses you want to write for. Have an email signature. When you work on your pitching and sending off those emails, you can be assured that prospects can quickly find out about you from your signature. So, even if you are complacent with a handful of clients, know it can all change. You can lose all your clients or the client that gives you the most work decides to take a break for six months. Its better to have too many clients than not enough. 2. Wow Your Clients I talk about this a lot in many of my blog posts.   Going the extra mile for clients can pay off big time. Just the other day I had a business contact me who told me they were referred from another client of mine. I told this business that I did have an opening. I wrote an ad hoc piece and then the client asked me if I could write more: So, if you impress your client on the first writing piece, it can turn into regular income for you. And this isnt unusual for me. Prospects contact me all the time for ad hoc pieces which end up turning into consistent gigs. 3. Professionalism Since youre running a service-based business, being professional is key to your growth as a freelance writer. This might mean exceeding your deadlines or always being available for emails or just formatting your blog post correctly. For me, I answer my clients emails promptly, often upload my pieces to their CMS, and correspond professionally. This might be common sense, but there are writers out there that dont think its important to be prompt or follow your clients requests. If You Enjoy Writing Youll Probably Love Freelancing Its as simple as that. If you know how to write well, then you can definitely be a freelance writer. Its okay if you make editing mistakes, misspell words or have a lousy writing process. There are tools to help you with all that! So if being the best writer is stopping you from becoming a freelance writer, then know it doesnt have to be that way. You can get started today and be successful in a short amount of time! What are you waiting for?

Freedom of the Colleges essays

Freedom of the Colleges essays Last month, members of the Appropriations Committee of the North Carolina House of Representatives voted to use the power of the state budget to block the assignment of a book to all freshmen and transfer students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations (White Cloud Press, 1999), by Michael Sells, a professor of religion at Haverford College. Denying public funds to the reading program unless "all other known religions were offered in an equal or incremental way," they stipulated that their prohibition "is not intended to interfere with academic freedom, but to ensure that all religions are taught Even if well intended, however, the move does, in fact, demonstrate the significant and growing threats to academic freedom that can occur in times of economic and political The controversy began in June, when three unidentified freshmen sued the university in federal court, arguing that assigning the book inappropriately blurred the constitutionally mandated separation of church and state. The legislative committee then took its action, and, in response, the university system's Board of Governors dithered over passing a resolution in support of academic freedom in part, for fear of further alienating the state's budget writers. (A resolution by a committee of the board passed unanimously on August 22; the full board will vote on the The legislative committee's move signifies, in a number of ways, how much the independence of public colleges and universities may be in jeopardy. First, it inserts state politicians directly into the administration of a university by using the power of the purse to censor the curriculum. Ever since the founding of most land-grant institutions, in the mid-19th century, state legislatures have refrained ...

American Reaction to the French Revolution

American Reaction to the French Revolution The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille on July 14th. From 1790 to 1794, the revolutionaries grew  increasingly radical. Americans were at first enthusiastic in support of the revolution. However, over time divisions of opinion became apparent between federalists and anti-federalists. Divide Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists The anti-federalists in America  led by figures such as Thomas Jefferson were in favor of supporting the revolutionaries in France. They thought the French were imitating the American colonists in their desire for freedom. There was a hope that the French  would win a greater degree of autonomy that resulted in the new Constitution and its strong federal government in the United States. Many anti-federalists rejoiced in every revolutionary victory as news of it reached America. Fashions changed to reflect republican dress in France. The Federalists were not sympathetic to the French Revolution, led by figures such as Alexander Hamilton.  The Hamiltonians  feared mob rule. They were  afraid of egalitarian ideas causing further upheaval at home. European Reaction In Europe, rulers were not necessarily that bothered by what was happening in France at first. However, as the gospel of democracy spread, Austria grew afraid. By 1792, France had declared war on Austria wanting to ensure that it would not try to invade. In addition, revolutionaries wanted to spread their own beliefs to other European countries. As France began to win victories beginning with the Battle of Valmy in September, England and Spain got concerned. Then on January 21, 1793, King Louis XVI was executed. France became emboldened and declared war on England. Thus American could no longer sit back but if they wanted to continue to trade with England and/or France. It had to claim sides or remain neutral. President George Washington chose the course of neutrality, but this would be a difficult tightrope for America to walk. Citizen  Genà ªt In 1792, the French appointed  Edmond-Charles Genà ªt, also known as Citizen  Genà ªt, as the Minister to the United States. There was some question on whether he should be formally received by the US  government. Jefferson felt that  America should support the Revolution which would mean publicly acknowledging  Genà ªt as the legitimate minister to France. Hamilton was against receiving him. Despite Washingtons ties to Hamilton and the Federalists, he decided to receive him. Washington eventually ordered that  Genà ªt be censured and later recalled by France when it was discovered that he had been commissioning privateers to fight for France in its war against Great Britain. Washington had to deal with their previously agreed upon Treaty of Alliance with France that had been signed during the American Revolution. Because of its own claims for neutrality, America could not close its ports to France without appearing to side with Britain. Therefore, even though France was taking advantage of the situation by using American ports to help fight its war against Britain, America was in a difficult place. The Supreme Court eventually helped provide a partial solution by preventing the French from arming privateers in American ports. After this proclamation, it was found that Citizen  Genà ªt had a French-sponsored warship armed and sail from Philadelphia. Washington demanded that he be recalled to France. However, this and other issues with the French fighting the British under the American flag led to increased issues and confrontations with the British. Washington sent John Jay to find a diplomatic solution to the issues with Great Britain. However, the resulting Jays Treaty was quite weak and widely derided. It required the British to abandon forts they still occupied on Americas western frontier. It also created a trading agreement between the two nations. However, it had to give up the idea of freedom of the seas. It also did nothing to stop impressment where the British could force American citizens on captured sailing vessels into service on their own ships. Aftermath In the end, the French Revolution brought the issues of neutrality and how America would deal with belligerent European countries. It also brought unresolved issues with Great Britain to the forefront. Finally, it showed a great divide in the way that federalists and anti-federalists felt about France and Great Britain.

Mathematics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mathematics - Essay Example Mathematics is major component of our culture and we need to learn more and more of it. Mathematics has been considered a necessity and essentiality what ever time period. Plato's Academy was marked with phrase "Let no one ignorant of Geometry enter here" Mathematics enjoys unshakable foundation and its basis is pure rationality. It promotes rational thinking and ideas and leaves nothing to chance. Even the chance or the probability is dealt in a very rational and logical manner. Logic grew into thriving field through algebraically minded mathematicians like George Boole, Ernst Schroder, Balzano, Ferge and Hilbert. The history of Mathematics goes as far back as 30000 BC when Paleolithic people in Central Europe and France recorded numbers on bones. Uses of early geometric designs were found to belong to 25000 BC. In 2000 BC Harappans adopted a uniform system of weight and measure. Quadratic equations were solved in 1950 BC. In 1850 BC Babylonians came to know about Pythagoras theorem. Almost at the same time multiplication tables were used by them. Sexagesimal number system was used to predict the position of Sun, moon and other planets in 500 BC. Hippocrates wrote "Elements" in 450 BC which is first compilation of elements of geometry. Euclid gave a systematic development of geometry in Stoicheion (The Elements). He also gave the laws of reflection in Catoptrics. In 250 BC Archimedes floated Archimedes Principles and gave an approximate value of . In 127 BC Hippocras discovered the precision of Equinox and calculated the length of year. In about 60 AD Heron of Alexandria wrote Metrica (Measur ement), which contained the formula for calculating Areas and Volumes. The Maya civilization in 250 AD used an almost place-value number system to base 20. In 499 AD Aryabhatta calculated to be 3.1416. In about 850 AD Thabit Ibn Qurra made important mathematical discoveries such as extension of the concept of number to real number, integral calculus, theorems in spherical geometry and non Euclidian geometry. Lot of other developments in mathematics need to be mentioned here but the only point is to show that mathematics developed through different generations and in different societies and cultures, which means that Mathematics was inevitable for one and all and was the nucleus for discoveries, inventions and development. Mathematics is one subject that transcends time and culture. The Pythagorean Theorem is true in any culture and every century, and is studied wherever mathematics is taught. In a world of rapid change, mathematics is one thing that endures. Its heritage is treasure we pass from generation to generation, a common store of wisdom whose usefulness takes a different manifestation in various culture and settings. Mathematics is rooted in timeless values and still is evolving. Newton gave mathematical laws of motion only three centuries ago. Lately new ways of measurements are being propounded which helps in advancement of science and commerce. Mathematics is used as an essential tool in almost all fields like

Writing for the English Major Posting 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing for the English Major Posting 8 - Essay Example The other idea that might be explored with regards to this topic is about the real existence of Jesus. It is worth researching on the reality of seeing the â€Å"light† and something happening inside a person when he meets Jesus. Another idea that might be explored is the honesty of the people in the Church who swear that they see, feel and hear Jesus. Whether they really experience this is something questionable. It is very possible that the others too are like Westley who just pretended to have the â€Å"experience† just to get it over with. I believe that salvation is a unique experience for every individual. It need not necessarily happen inside the Church where a lot of people are watching and waiting for the time when one exclaims that he has finally been saved. Salvation is not something which should be displayed in public. It is an experience between you and your God; otherwise, one might just act it up to impress all the people

On Rape and Responsibility Essay Example for Free

On Rape and Responsibility Essay Throughout the course of Disgrace, Coetzee attempts to juxtapose the rape of Melanie with that of Lucy. By analyzing the actions of David Lurie, Lucy and Petrus, it becomes apparent that there is a dynamometric sense of responsibility among victims and abusers. Coetzee attempts to demonstrate that rape is more than a gendered based crime, that social class, and ethnicity also play roles in determining what harm is committed. It is because the rapes are not viewed through the eyes of the victim but primarily through Lurie, who sympathizes with Lucy and denies raping Melanie, that the readers are forced to determine who burdens responsibility and to what extent actions are repentant. Lurie’s attack on Melanie is more or less a date rape. He doesn’t take no for an answer and her passive means of refusal are not enough for him to take the hint. He truly believes that he is dating this woman, and that it is his right to engage in such relations with her. This belief is wound up in his perpetual state of selfishness and his arrogance of self delusion. She ends up filing for grievances making the whole situation public. Lucy is not just attacked, she is punished. What is done to her is done for the sole intention of causing her harm, of scaring her as an individual. It is done because she is a white woman, because she is the epitome of what is wrong with her rapist’s world. Along with the rape she is robbed of her property, and her father is assaulted and badly burned. In the end they both have to live with the scars of what happened. The attack on her is not personal; it is the way an oppressed social class is lashing out at the harsh mistreatment they have received for generations. What is ironic however is that the fact that the act in itself is the most personal it could have been. The society they are trying to punish is not going to be affected as a whole to what happened that day. It is a tragedy but one that would otherwise be swept under the rug, if Lucy had not swept it under herself Lucy. The hatred they had for society, they funneled into this woman. They made it personal once they had decided that Lucy was their victim. Similarly the reason these women are harmed is not purely random. Yes Melanie as student put her into the pool of prey for David Lurie, but his attraction to her is personal, and her mild response to him in the beginning paves the path Lurie takes. Her response is what Lurie feeds his delusions with, and that causes him to make the decisions he makes. Lucy is chosen out of what seems like convenience, Pollux attacks close to home, victimizing the woman that oversees his brother-in-law. Lucy is the best representation for the oppressive white class that he has, since she is â€Å"oppressing† Petrus. What theses essentially break down to is a crime of opportunity and a crime of restitution. The strongest underlying feeling that distinguishes the two is hate. It is not because Lurie hates Melanie that he does her injustice, it is because he is selfish and has no regard for her wants or feelings. Lurie finds Melanie alluring; he pursues his desires and treats what are blatant expressions of refusal as too subtle to actually mean â€Å"no†. The two rapes do however shed light on the misconception that rape is simply a gender based crime. Rather race and class complicate the situation making the two incidents vary widely in their response. Lucy keeps quite while Melanie comes forward; Lurie denies his actions while the other men acknowledge what they did as it matched their motive. Lucy’s refusal to come forward stems from white guilt, believing that what happened to her she had coming to her. She analogizes her gang rapists to tax collectors and feels that she should be paying to them what they feel they deserve. Her white guilt and higher class both make her a target and victim distinct from Melanie. Reporting such a rape would thereby align Lucy with the previous hierarchical white class of the apartheid period. She realizes that the crime would be used to â€Å"fuel the fires of racism† and knowing that her case would be used to represent â€Å"others† she does what she can to prevent the white class to rationalize future segregation. Melanie, who is a young black girl, is attacked by an older white man. Her response to his misdeeds is filled with want of restitutions. She does not accept what has happened to her as due to her, and she ultimately makes her attacker pay for the injustice he has committed. Interestingly, Coetzee uses Lurie’s view to further illustrate the racial-social class effects on perspective. Lurie’s inability to acknowledge what he has done as rape sheds light on his sexist and racists ideology, as Mardorossian points out, Lurie can only see rape as something black men do to white women, and prevents him from doing earlier what he does with Lucy, â€Å"namely call rape ‘rape’†. In his disciplinary hearing, Lurie establishes an equivalence between â€Å"the ‘rights’ of desire and sexual violence’† demonstrating his belief in his personal superiority over Melanie. The two rapes are diametrically opposed in their factors and responses, which demonstrates to the reader the â€Å"inextricable relation between incommensurable categories of identity such as gender, class, or ethnicity in the application of legal and moral authority†. When Coetzee introduces Lucy into the novel, she is sympathetic to her father’s situation. She leaves judgment aside as something that is his to deal with. She encourages him to make reparations but does nothing to make him feel ostracized for his previous misdeeds. All of this changes once Lucy is victimized. With Lurie’s inability to empathize with the situation, at least to the extent that Lucy wants, Lucy refuses to confide in him. She feels what has happened to her is a private matter and because he is not a woman, he could not understand the way she feels, and so she feels no obligation to share her experience with him. In addition to his male-handicap Lucy also starts to view Lurie as a predator, seeing only subtle differences between what he did to Melanie and what those men did to her. It made it harder to sympathize with his experiences, and she ultimately becomes distant. When Lucy does finally go into detail about what happened. Rather than offering solace to his daughter’s grief he instead attempts to give her another outlook on the situation. Her confession that the worst part of it was how personal the action was, and her inability to understand it. â€Å"Why did they hate me so? † is met with â€Å"It was history speaking through them†¦ A history of wrong. Think of it that way if it helps. It may have seemed personal but it wasn’t. While what Lurie is saying may have truth to it, this is not what Lucy is looking to hear when she confides in him. Lurie suffers from what Stember calls sexual racism- having a right to claim a â€Å"colonized woman’s† body, and to project his guilt onto the colonized man imagining him wanting revenge and thereby desires â€Å"the white woman†. In this light Glenn suggest that Coetzee uses Disgrace as a sociological and cultural statement, as â€Å"symptomatic- part of the traumatized white reaction to living in the Black Republic. Demonstrating that Lucy’s refusal to report the rape, taking responsibility for it, and even keeping the rape-child is central to South African politics and the use of women as objects in a kinship economy. In Addition, Petrus embodies the â€Å"black claims for restitution of farm land† essentially getting through violence, what black South Africans felt they were due. The rapes also introduce the idea of responsibility. The intertwining elements of ethnicity, gender, and social class also incorporate a sense of responsibility, both to self and community. Rebecca Saunders uses Nietzsche’s position of justice and responsibility as an economic manner to illustrate how characters shun responsibility off of themselves, or accept unwarranted responsibility. Lurie’s inability to confess, but rather simply plead guilty is a great example of such. He feels that his plea is what is necessary for the hearing, but sincerely apologizing is more valuable to him that he feels is warranted by the committee. Likewise Petrus’ solutions to Lurie and Lucy are compensation as if they appropriately equate to the emotional and physical harm done. Saunders explores this logic in the frame of â€Å"visceral† versus â€Å"reason†. How responsibility should be dealt in relation to the justifications behind the actions. He feels undercompensated, because he stands behind â€Å"reason† he understands that Petrus’ offers do not actually equate to the needs at hand. Also standing behind â€Å"reason,† Lucy equates the values of the harms done to her and to her aggressors, and feels as though a debt has been paid. This merely serves to illustrate that every character feels their side is the rational one, and their opponents’ are acting out of visceral. Rosemary Nagy, also explores the idea of responsibility, but in relation to the language of justification. How things are worded greatly impact the level of responsibility each character takes on for the actions they have committed, or have had done to them. The three figures centered around responsibility are Petrus, Lucy and Lurie. Petrus is of course playing surrogate for the men who attacked Lucy. She suggests that Disgrace establishes that there is no easy formula to decide where the middle ground falls between reconciliation and responsibility. David Lurie’s rape of Melanie is always met with a lack of culpability, despite Gal’s reasoning, that Lurie cleanses himself through his treatment of the dogs. However by the end of the novel he still refuses to believe that what he did constituted rape. The idea of repentance and responsibility stems from an expectation of transformation. That those committing such crimes become â€Å"new† men, but by the end of the novel we do not see this change in Lurie. In fact he nearly comes full circle, satisfying his sexual appetite with prostitutes and solving â€Å"the problem of sex rather well. Lucy on the other hand takes responsibility for what the white class in South Africa did for decades, a burden much bigger than warranted. She sacrifices herself, leaves herself with nothing â€Å"no cards, no weapons, no property, no rights, no dignity. † She completely switches roles with Petrus, who onces was dog-man, now she is â€Å"like a dog. † Petrus while not obligated, still accepts no responsibility for what happened to Lucy. Instead he reaps the benefits of her misfortune, gaining land, and a third wife because Lucy no longer feels capable of protecting herself. Through the act of (or lack of) accepting responsibility, Coetzee forces the readers to analyze the extent to which acknowledgement dictates reconciliation. Coetzee uses Disgrace, to make a statement about race and culture in a post-apartheid South Africa. That rape is more than a gendered- crime, that it crosses through socio-ethnic barriers to express something more harmful. That the feelings on reconciliation vary widely depending on who feels victimized and who feels responsible, which is a reflection of how Coetzee feels about the future of the white middle class in the years after the apartheid state.

Emersons Theories of Education vs Modern-day Theories Essay -- Compar

Emerson and today’s theories of education view discipline as necessary for the progress of students in the classroom; however, Emerson’s beliefs differ from modern-day theories of discipline in "respecting a child" encompassing "patience", "the receiving mind" and "discovers for himself his goal in life." Emerson realized that progressive learning is not a dictator relationship. "Respecting a child" will enhance the student’s ability to achieve their goals. As today’s society lives in the fast lane so does our educational society. "So to regard a young child, the young man, requires, no doubt, rare patience: a patience that nothing but faith in the remedial forces of the soul can give" (Gilman 444). Patience is this unattainable trait that people seek, but never find. Our society is a whirling downfall of enormous debt because of the lack of patience that so many people have adopted as a way of life. Stores are full of consumers that "must have" at that very moment. Unfortunately, the same philosophy of thought is embedded in today’s education. Evaluating today’s theories of education, patience is a luxury that can not be spared. The new "No child left behind" legislation theorizes the idea that standardized testing will improve the instruction level of students. In actualization, the government is teaching the students and the teachers are their puppets. The government likes to call this education reform, however in many eyes it is education death. "The 100 percent goal was simply a target, an admittedly unreachable goal designed to motivate schools to stretch themselves to do better, such as scientists trying to cure cancer or gardeners hoping to grow the perfect tomato" (Matthews 1). Beginning with the first day of school... ... How does society "respect a child" when education is consumed with close-mindedness, repetition, dictatorship and sinful nature. References: Bracey, Gerald W. Are US Students Behind? Web 20 Nov 2014. Http: www.prospect.org/print/V9/37/bracey-g.html Dorja, Rig’dzin. Dangerous Friend: The teacher –student relationship in Vajnayana Buddhism. Web 20 Nov 2014. http://www. Samadhicushions.com/Samadhi.cgi/S-1998 Gilman, William H. Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. A Signet Classic. New York, New York 10014 Matthews, Jay. No Child Left Behind Act: Facts and Fiction. Web 20 Nov 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A23818- 2003Nov10?language=printer. Swanson, Robert. Web 20 Nov 2014. http://www.sudval.org/users/archives/dsm4 Years of Schooling Smother Creativity. Web 20 Nov 2014. jordan.dpsnc.net/fcmqr1998/schooling.html

Burger King Expansion

1. By mid-2009, Burger King was not in any of the following five countries: France, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa. Compare these countries as possible future locations for Burger King.These countries all have large populations but are not in close proximity to the BK headquarters in Miami. How well do these five countries identify with the Burger King brand? It is hard entering foreign markets where consumers are loyal to previously established brands. Is there even enough beef to go around? Burger King will have their work set out for them to be successful in these markets and many not have franchising opportunities to rely on.France: the concern with France is how much of the population actually consumes beef.India: Burger King may have recently ruined their chances for sending their business to India. There are no beef in the McDonalds located in India. Hindu does not eat beef and that is approximately 80% of the population. Burger King thought it was a good idea to p lace an ad of Lakshmi, the Indian goddess of wealth, about to eat one of the beef burgers, which are forbidden under Hindu religion. Why? Other than that bad business move Burger King is faced with re-inventing their menu.Nigeria- Restaurants like Tantilizers has had plenty of success in Nigeria and service similar food products to Burger King. Well, at least they sell hamburgers. Yet, it all depends on how well Burger King can re-invent meat pies and other popular Nigerian foods. I think Nigeria will be a much better location than that of France and India and it has less competition.Pakistan- McDonalds seems to found success in Pakistan and serves many beef products, chicken, and fish. Burger King can have similar success from a product/menu standpoint. However, will it be enough to compete with an already established fast food base who serves similar products and have a loyal consumer base. However, the market is big enough for an additional player because of the population.South Africa- South Africa willIf I was on the Burger King Management team then I would definitely try to enter into Nigeria, Pakistan, and South Africa. I do not think that France is the type of market that Burger King will do exceptional well but maybe average. India, I would not even look any further into trying to bring the BK brand.2. When entering another country, discuss the advantages and disadvantages that an international restaurant company, specifically Burger King, would have in comparison with a local company in that market.The advantages of Burger King entering into new markets are: The disadvantages of Burger King entering new markets are:3. About two-thirds of Burger King’s restaurants and revenues are in its Americas region (United States and Canada) and one-third elsewhere. Should this relationship change? If so, why and how?The relationship should not change. America is only 5 percent of the world population but consumes 25% of beef. However, Burger King could sw itch up their menu but I do not think that will bring success. The fish and chicken products do not produce enough variety in international markets in my opinion.4. The case mentions that Burger King prefers to enter countries with large numbers of youth and shopping centers. Why do you think these conditions would be advantageous?5. How has Burger King’s headquarters location influenced its international expansion? Has this location strengthened or weekend its global competitive position?The location has weakened Burger King international expansion. Almost three fourths of all Burger restaurants are either in the United States or Latin  America. Latin America because of its convenience makes up 25 percent of global operations. However, because of the small populated countries only 1/8 of the revenue comes from the same 25 percent of the international restaurants. The wealthy European countries are not6. Evaluate Burger King’s strategy of using the Brazilian experien ce to guide its entries into Russia.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/5786561/Burger-King-apology-to-Hindus-for-advert.htmlhttp://www.ran.org/fileadmin/materials/education/factsheets/fs_beef.pdf

How important was the fear of Trotsky becoming leader in explaining Stalin’s victory in the power struggle in the years 1924-1929? Essay

Everyone believed Trotsky would take leadership after Lenin died, even if they didn’t want him to. No one thought it would be Stalin. Therefore, Stalin felt he had to defeat Trotsky in order to become leader. However, the fear of Trotsky becoming leader isn’t the only factor in explaining Stalin’s victory in the power struggle. Lenin died, January 21 1924. This is when the Lenin Legacy begun. Stalin took it upon himself to give a speech at Stalin’s funeral; he personally swore to carry on the work of Lenin. As General Secretary he supervised the Lenin Enrolment (expansion of the party in tribute to Lenin). He published a book â€Å"Foundations of Leninism†, a basic understanding of Lenin’s ideas for the uneducated. Stalin emphasised his commitment to Lenin by dishonoring Trotsky and other Bolsheviks by saying they were unfaithful. Stalin used the Decree against Factionalism to accuse opponents of disloyalty to the memory of Lenin. Stalin used the Lenin Legacy to his advantage all the way through the power struggle. In 1924, when The Lenin Enrolment was announced, the party increased from 500,000 to over 1 million members by 1926. The new members were young, in-experienced and lacking education. This meant Stalin could easily influence them. Zinoviev and Kamenev both feared Trotsky’s power more than Stalin. They teamed up with Stalin, in order to over-throw Trotsky. He was unpopular as he was extremely arrogant. Thus when he missed Lenin’s funeral due to Stalin telling him the wrong date, he became even more hated. In a Marxist fashion, Trotsky travelled the world, informing people of world revolution. This meant Stalin could build a good relationship with Russia, persuading everyone he would carry on the work of Lenin. In December 1924, Stalin spoke of â€Å"socialism in one country† Trotsky strongly disagreed and as a result he was accused of Factionalism. In January 1925, the Central Committee removed Trotsky from the War Commissariat. From 1928 onwards Trotsky lived his life in exile before being murdered in 1940. Stalin had allied with Zinoviev and Kamenev but after Trotsky’s defeat they were concerned that Stalin had too much power within the Party. Kamenev was defeated, his lost control of the Moscow Party. However Zinoviev fought back, he held onto the Leningrad Party and attacked the NEP policy. They argued that it was capitalist and it was time to introduce rapid industrialisation. However, they also questioned Socialism in One Country, which meant the attack was also against Bukharin. They realised that without an international revolution they wouldn’t reach Marxism Utopia, as the economic backwardness of the country would destroy the Soviet Union. Therefore, Stalin and Bukharin united. Once again, Stalin accused Zinoviev of Factionalism. Bukharin’s popularity and Stalin’s control of the delegates allowed them to defeat Zinoviev. At the 14th Party Congress in December 1925, angry delegates shouted down the slander of Stalin and defeated the programme of Zinoviev and Kamenev by 559 votes to 65. 1926, Zinoviev lost control of Leningrad to be replaced as Chair of the Comintern by Bukharin. Following this, Zinoviev and Kamenev tried to form an alliance with Trotsky (he had spoke out about the NEP policy in 1924) but there was little trust between them. In 1926, they released copies of Lenin’s Political Testament but it didn’t work, they were seen as Factionalists. They were removed from The Central Committee and secret police were used to stop the Political Testament being published. They were sent to exile. Stalin had defeated the Left wing of the politburos; he now planned to attack the Right wing. By 1926, the Soviet Union was effectively ruled by Stalin and Bukharin. Stalin saw the NEP as a compromise with the peasantry. Ironically, he now agreed with the United Opposition’s policies to introduce rapid industrialisation. He turned against Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky. In November 1929 Bukharin lost his position in the politburo. Stalin used his powers as General Secretary to purge the trades’ leadership thus Tomsky losing his post on the Central Council of Trades Union and his place in the politburo in 1930. 21 December 1929, Stalin’s 50th birthday, Pravda call him â€Å"the Lenin of today†, Stalin had finally won the power struggle. When looking at all of the factors for why Stalin won the power struggle, the fear of Trotsky coming into power seems a small influence. However, it was the difference in personalities and different views for the county that kick started the power struggle. Trotsky did not fight for power; he simply fought for what he thought was right. Even though he was an ex-Menshevik, he kept closest to the theory of Marxism. For example, when he lost his role of The War Commissariat he didn’t fight back. He never believed he would be in charge because he was Jewish. While it was important, I do not believe the fear of Trotsky to be the crucial component in Stalin winning the power struggle. He was a vindictive creature that would go to the extremes to get what he wanted. His political genius was much more vital. Without it I don’t think he would have got where he did. He was cunning in the fact that he was able to not only defeat the bodies of the politburo but also, use their skills to his advantage and then turn against them. As well as this, being General Secretary was a big advantage, it allowed him to keep the Political Testament a secret. The Lenin Legacy was also extremely important. When he expanded the Bolshevik party, I believe he brainwashed many of the new members. He used their lack of education against them.

SAT for Early Admissions Deadlines

When's the Last ACT/SAT for Early Admissions Deadlines SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When’s the latest you can take the SAT or ACT if you’re submitting an early decision college application? You might be surprised by how late some colleges accept SAT and ACT scores- and how early others require them! Read on to find out the latest dates on which you can take the SAT and ACT, and get specific dates for top colleges. What Is Early Decision and When Are Applications Due? Early decision gives you the chance to apply to your first-choice college early and get an admission decision before winter break. Early decision application deadlines tend to be on or around November 1. Schools with early decision typically promise to have results sent to applicants between December 1 and December 15. Some early decision deadlines are even earlier in October, meaning that your application will be evaluated during a pretty narrow window in November. As a result, usuallythelast ACT date you can take for early decision is in October and thelast SAT date is in November. Scores from these test dates should arrive in November, just in time for early decision. (For the 2019-20 school year, this means you can take either the ACT on October 26 or theSAT on November 2.) This is just a general rule, however, sodon't automatically assume that these dates will work for the school you’re applying to early decision! For some colleges,the last possible dates that can work for early decision are even earlier: the September ACT or the October SAT. (In other words, you can take, at latest, either the ACT on September 14, 2019, or the SAT on October 5, 2019.) If you’re taking the last possible ACT or SAT and applying early decision, make sure to mark that school down to receive your test scores when you sign up for the test. Don’t wait to see your scores first before sending them, as they won't arrive in time to be considered! If there's a problem with your SAT/ACT score reports (for example, they get delayed), colleges will sometimes accept a screenshot or printout of the reportsent from your guidance counselor as a provisional result. That said, they will still want the official report eventually. Once again, don't assume this will be the case for your particular school, so always plan to get your SAT/ACT scores in by the application deadline- if not earlier! General Advice for Applying Early Decision If you’re reading this as a junior or younger and you’re planning to apply early somewhere, aim to have your testing done before senior year- ideally by June. Remember that if you’re applying early decision, you'll need to work on your college applications earlier than normal. And studying for the ACT/SAT while applying to college can be stressful. (The College Board says thatOctober should be your last possible SAT date but recommends taking the test by June.) Getting your testing done by June will free up the whole summer before your senior year- and also free up your senior fall to give you time to work on your early decision application. With this time, you can write your best possible college essays, come up with astute answers for smaller application questions, and decide who will write you the most effective letters of recommendation. As you can see, if you also had to study for the SAT or ACT, you'd waste valuable time that would be arguably better spent improving your college applications. Summer means sun, sand, surf ... and college application essays. Plus, if you’re sending scores from the last possible test date, you’re taking a pretty big risk.If it’s your first SAT/ACT and your scores aren't within the school’s average scores range, your chances of admission could be compromised. If it’s a retakeand your score drops, that won't look great either. Though most colleges focus on your highest scores, some schools require all SAT scores or all ACT scores and will evaluate every test result they receive, high or low. Ideally, you should have already achieved scores within your school’s score ranges by your senior year. Taking the ACT or SAT during your junior year or summer before your senior year (the December, March, May, June, or August SATs or theDecember, February, April, June, or JulyACTs) is best. Waiting until the September/October ACTs or October/November SATs your senior fall will only create a serious time crunch. Nevertheless, if you do need to take the SAT or ACT during your senior fall (either for the first time or as a retake), don't stress out. You can still study enough to get a high score and put together a great application- just be prepared to be busy during the fall! Latest Early Decision ACT/SAT Test Dates for Top Schools In this section, we take a look at theACT and SAT dates and deadlines for popular schools' early decision plans.We also show you how to look up this info at any school you might be applying to in case your college didn't make our list. You don't have to panic if your top school is on this list. But you should plan ahead! Schools With Earlier Than Usual SAT/ACT Deadlines The following colleges haveSAT/ACT deadlines that are earlier than the common November SAT/October ACT rulediscussed above. If you're applying to any of these schools early decision, try extra hard to complete your standardized testing as early as possible. Amherst Here's what Amherst says about its early action deadlines: "Applicants should schedule standardized testing so that scores can be submitted by the appropriate application deadline (either ED or RD)." Since Amherst’s early decision deadline is November 1, you can take the October SAT or September ACT at the latest. Caltech Caltech'sstandardized testingdeadline for early action applicants is October for both tests. This means you can take the SAT or ACT in October of your senior year, but no later. Georgetown Here's what Georgetown says regarding early action deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "While we recommend that Early Action applicants complete testing requirements in their junior year, scores from the September and October test dates will typically arrive in time for consideration at Early Action. Students should make certain to request that scores be sent to Georgetown well in advance of the deadline to ensure timely receipt." Princeton Here's how Princeton handles early action deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "You are strongly encouraged to complete your standardized testing before the Nov. 1 deadline. If you take standardized tests in November, you should have your scores sent directly to Princeton." This means that they likely won’t get scores from the November SAT in time to consider you for admission.So to be safe, submit test scores from October of your senior year or earlier. Stanford According to Stanford's undergraduate admission website, its last ACT date is in September and last SAT date is in Octoberfor restrictive early action. Vanderbilt Here areVanderbilt's test deadlines for early decision applicants(bold emphasis mine): "For students applying to Vanderbilt under Early Decision I (submission deadline November 1), the October administration of the SAT or ACT is the final opportunity to take the exam." Washington University in St. Louis Here's what Washington University's FAQ page says about early decision deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "The last [SAT] test date accepted will be the December testing (October if applying Early Decision)." Note that this October deadline is for the SAT, not ACT. Because the Early Decision application deadline is November 1,you should aim to take theACT by September. Williams College Williams requires applicants to take the ACT or SAT by October. The early bird gets the ... early application review? Schools That Follow the October ACT/November SAT Rule These next schools stick to the October ACT/November SAT rule we found when researching early decision testing deadlines. Still, whenever possible,try to submit scores from earlier test datesto ensure that your application is reviewed on time. Brown Here is an overview of Brown's standardized test deadlines for early action applicants(bold emphasis mine): "Early Decision applicants should complete all required testing by the October test date and arrange for results to be sent directly to Brown on or before the November 1 Early Decision deadline.You may also submit additional test scores from the November administration of the SAT; however, we cannot guarantee that these test scores will be received in time to be reviewed with your application.All applicants should have a complete set of test scores sent to Brown prior to theNovember 1deadline." Note that while Brown will accept the October ACT and/or November SAT, they prefer to have at least one set of scores before the November 1 deadline. So do your best to have scores in before this date! Columbia Here's what Columbia says about early decision deadlines for the SAT/ACT: "You must have all standardized testing completed by the November test date." This means that scores from both the October ACT and November SAT would arrive in time to be considered for early decision admission. Cornell Here is Cornell's description of its standardized test deadlines for early decision applicants (bold emphasis mine): "You should plan to take the SAT before November of your senior year, or the ACT no later than October. Early decision applicants are strongly urged to take the SAT Subjects Tests (if required) no later than October, because the scores are used in the selection process." Dartmouth Dartmouth’s admissions website says that the last test date for the SAT is inNovember, and the last date for the ACT is in Octoberfor all early decision applicants. Duke Here's what Duke says about early decision test scores(bold emphasis mine): "Duke is happy to accept scores for Early Decision applicants from the October ACT and the November SAT tests." Harvard Harvard says the following about early action testing deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "If you are applying Early Action, we would like your testing results by the end of October; however, you may submit the November series if needed. Those results will arrive in time for consideration without the need and expense of 'rushreporting.'" Keep in mind that even though you can submit November tests, you should aim to complete your testing earlier so that your application can be evaluated sooner. MIT MIT says the following on its admissions website in regard to early action SAT/ACT deadlines: "In order to apply for freshman admission, you must take the required tests on or before theNovembertest date for Early Action." This means you can submit scores from the October ACT or November SAT at the latest. Northwestern Northwestern requires applicants to submit standardized test scores by November 1,meaning you can take the October SAT or ACT at latest. University of Chicago Here is UChicago's policy on SAT/ACT test deadlines for early action and early decision applicants (bold emphasis mine): "While we would, of course, like to receive your scores before the appropriate deadline, we will accept October ACT andNovember SAT scoresfor Early Action and Early Decision I." University of Pennsylvania For those applying early decision to Penn, the last SAT date is in November and the last ACT date is in October. Yale Yale recommends the last test scores early action applicants submit come from the October SAT and ACT. However, November SAT scores may also be considered: (bolding mine) "SATs ... taken in November may also arrive in time for consideration in Yale's Single Choice Early Action program, but applicants should complete and submit Yale's required standardized testing from previous test dates. For Single-Choice Early Action applicants who plan to take November SATs or SAT Subject Tests, admissions officers will begin the evaluation process with the official or self-reported scores already on file." In other words, the last SAT date is in November, but only if you've taken another standardized test whose scores you can also submit before your November SAT scores come in. How to Find Early Decision Testing Dates for Any School Although we’ve gone over the early decision policies of many top colleges, you might be wondering about the last possible SAT/ACT dates for different schools not mentioned above. To find your school's SAT/ACT testing deadlines, start by searching for "[School Name] early decision" on Google.Here's an example: You can see here that I'm searching for Pomona College's last possible SAT/ACT dates. Now, I'll click on the "Application Deadlines" link since this seems like the most promising page I can use to get information about dates and deadlines. Many colleges have separate sections or pages for early decision/early action applications. This page might list special deadlines for early decision, including the last ACT or SAT test date. If you can't find the deadlines on this page, however, you might instead be able to find a page with overall application dates and deadlines, or an FAQ page with an answer to this question. Check out the page I found for Pomona below: As the screenshot shows, Pomona has clearly laid out its testing deadlines.According to this table, the last possible SAT date for Early Decision I is in October, and the last possible ACT date is in September. If you still can’t find information about a school's last SAT/ACT dates on either an "Early Decision" or "Dates and Deadlines" page, check its FAQ page;you might run across a question about SAT and/or ACT tests. As you skim it, look for common phrases, such as "last time to take the ACT or SAT" or "how long it takes SAT/ACT scores to arrive." If you can’t find a precise date on any of the above pages, call or email your school's admissions office. (Keep in mind that testing information should definitely be on the admissions site, even if it’s buried in an unlikely place!) Ask the admissions representative, "When is the last possible date I can take the SAT/ACT for early admission?" Hopefully, you'll get the answer you want! What’s Next? Not sure when to take the ACT or SAT for the first time? Read more about optimizing your ACT and SAT test dates. How high does your ACT/SAT score need to be for your Early Decision school? Find out so you can decide whether you should retake the ACT/SAT before your applications are due. Still have to make serious changes to improve your SAT/ACT scores? Get the latest strategies for each section: SAT Reading, Writing, and Math;andACT English, Math, Reading, and Science. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web

Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web Gross Writing Errors Found on the Web By Daniel Scocco Computers and the Internet are revolutionizing the way we create and share information. Through blogs, wikis and social networks, you can reach literally 1.2 billion of people without leaving your room. That being said, a little attention toward correct spelling and basic grammar rules couldnt hurt, right? Below you will find some curious, to say the least, errors that we gathered on the Web. You are the best mom in the hole world Maybe the person lives in a hole or something, but he probably wanted to say the whole world. The kids were very attentive because of the recent tsunami The apostrophe has a wide range of uses within the English language, but forming plurals is not one of them. The kids were very attentive. you might as well ask if less men enter nursing because there are less men in nursing Less men? Fewer men you mean! Less is used for uncountable things, like less sugar or less money. For plural things (countable), you must use fewer, like fewer cars. The stock market made further progress forward yesterday This one is coming from the New York Times (ouch!). Progress means to move forward or to develop, so progress forward is a redundancy, and should be avoided. Its like to say that something is absolutely essential took me around 1 hour and my cell ran out of credit) to resolve some minor (yet presistant) issues The issues were persistent, not presistant. The company provides solutions in the following specialty areas: information technology, proffesional services and direct hire/search This was found on a LinkedIn resume (ouch again!). Not sure how professional the services really are. the importance of the Internet and the roll it plays in our everyday lives The Internet plays a very important role, not roll, in our lives. These could of been handy because its easier to look at a more simple, less messy theme to understand how These could have been, not could of. Also, if something is more simple it is simpler. 1K should be sufficient for an ernest payment Ernest is a male name. The good-faith deposit used in real estate transactions is called earnest payment. make sure that each of these templates contain the same XHTML/HTML Each refers to singular subjects, and the verb must agree with the subject. Each of these templates contains. The nature of his illness had been kept quite and not many of the crew and cast had seen much of him in the intervening time The nature of his illness had been kept quiet (not â€Å"quite†). A friend will do whatever they can to lift you up when your down because they dont like to see there friend hurt Friends (not A friend) will do what ever they can. The pronoun must agree with its antecedent. When youre (not your) down. To see their (not there) friend. hes alot like a younger version robert horry, same height, long body This is a mistake that happens a lot (not alot) around the Internet. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

The Road To Recovery For the State of Illinois Research Paper

The Road To Recovery For the State of Illinois - Research Paper Example There are many other states that have not recovered fully or partially from the recession aftermaths and Illinois is also among them. It has been facing crisis since last few years. The governor and authorities are striving to take the state out of the critical situation but things is not that much easy. Illinois? is facing many crises at present. In fact there is a cluster of crisis including jobs, energy, pension issue, education etc. The Governor of the state Pat Quinn is currently fighting with all these issues and he has also proposed some changes for the improvement of the situation. He has introduced some plans for the betterment of economic landscape, human rights, employment conditions and extra funding for education etc. Financial situation of the state is not stable at all and it has created many problems for every single person living in the state. Governor has proposed budget for the upcoming fiscal year 2013 and that budget actually has a depth of solving these issues b y having around $58 billion. He thinks that this budget will put Illinois on the road to recovery and it will be recovered soon by such turmoil. Structural reforms are proposed for pension system of the state and Medicaid program (Quinn 22). The journey of the state towards recovery highly depends upon the leadership. The leadership having the capability of taking difficult decisions with confidence and with optimistic approach can overcome the issues being faced by the state. Unfortunately people of Illinois have been waiting for long for such decisions but now the right time is there and the leadership is taking critical decisions that are important for the fiscal recovery of the state. The budget proposed by Governor has everything that is needed to cater the magnitude of crisis faced by the state. Quinn proposed budget gained appreciation and importance in people eyes because he has demonstrated that he doesn’t believe in borrowing money because it ultimately puts pressur e on the state. Borrowing will lead to reserved surplus and problem will be transfer to next years. Medicaid Program is the important step taken towards the recovery of the state. The program aims to support the under-privileged class through so that they can get access to healthcare facilities and medication. The current funding is not fully curtailed but it is not appropriate. If borrowing happens then Medicaid budget will be underfunded up to $2.6 billion. Proposed budget will overcome the funding gap by bringing changes for instance; repayment rate would decrease for healthcare provider and tax on cigarette would be much higher. Crises are severe and it is believed that proposed changes are appropriate enough to take the state to the next level easily with plan and strategy (Bunch and Beverley 57). Without a cost cutting plan, Assembly would not approve this budget because if funding of the state for Medicaid program get ignored then it will put burden of $5billion and the next fiscal year will be full of crisis. Quinn has proposed to handle the cost of pension system that will consume 20% fund in next fiscal year. Programs that are not funded and are acting as a liability on state will not be a burden anymore and he has also asked employees and tax payers to contribute for taking the state out of this situation. Quinn is optimistic in solving these problems but civic federation still has concerns regarding this approach because according to them pain taken from previous years is not that much easy. In 2010, Quinn

Integrated Marketing Communications Practice Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications Practice - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in accordance with Belch, any organization opts to keep an effective way of communicating with its customers. This way, the customers are informed of any improvement or change in the commodity. This ensures that there is a steady flow of information on the customers. Customers who are kept informed, about any change in the commodity produced by a company, have a sense of belonging, and they tend to develop loyalty to the commodity. In addition, Eagle, states that companies that employ IMC as a marketing technique achieve outstanding outcomes. Â  This is because they manage to coordinate the advertising process and enhance good public relations. An enhancement of a healthy relationship between an organization and its customers builds up a long-lasting customer base, which has to be maintained by ensuring trust and goodwill of all the participants. Ford Motors Company has a wide scope of markets of its unique model of vehicles, which co nstitute different models that suit the needs of their market segment. They have segmented the market into different categories that include personal cars, commercials vehicles, and trucks. Â  Since the foundation, this company has used various techniques in advertising their vehicles. Luck stipulates that any business must use an effective and reliable channel of communication so that their message will not be distorted. Ford Company has employed different forms of IMC, in order to reach the customers. The clients include the business sector, operating segments automotive which have distinct needs to be met.

Aircraft Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aircraft Review - Essay Example En route the plane ran into a tropical storm. Rain loosened the canvas patches and wind passing over the holes caused a variety of shrill whistles, which increased until the ship sounded like a thousand screaming banshee. (Popular Mechanic, p. 65) There are numerous other nicknames for DC-3 such as Old Fatso, Doug, among others. But these underscore how the plane has endeared itself to pilots and the airline industry alike because of its proven contribution in the aviation history. Just before World War II, the Douglas DC-3 was made by Douglas Aircraft Company for the American Airlines. The aircraft manufacturer found itself in an enviable position of trying to fill an overwhelming backlog of orders for passenger planes. This feat became possible when American Airlines ordered an aircraft to replace the fleet of aging Curtiss Condor biplanes, which they use for their nighttime Pullman-style sleeper service. The two companies collaborated and a team was assembled to improve on the old DC-2. American Airline’s chief engineer, William Littlewood, determined that by widening the DC-2’s fuselage twenty-six inches and adding ten feet to its wingspan, it could accommodate fourteen sleeping berths. (Hansen, p. 68) In line with this, the DC-3 had combined previous effective designs together. For instance, the DC-3 improved on the combined cabin size of the Ford Tri-Motor and the impressive speed of the Lockheeds. This revised airplane was initially called the Douglas Skysleeper Transport or DST. By time the plane took off for its maiden flight in July 1, 1936, it assumed the name DC-3. During World War II, the DC-3 production line was shut down but the war required its production for military use because of its capacity and performance. The US military realized that the DC-3 was ready-made military transport aircraft waiting to be utilized. At the end

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function INTRODUCTION: 1.1 What is Osteoarthritis? Articular cartilage is a highly resilient hyaline tissue composed of chondrocytes and surrounded by extracellular matrix present in a joint which act as shock absorber, protects the bones from the friction and wear and helps in smooth movement of the joint (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Osteoarthritis is a disease of joint where lack of cartilage causes musculoskeletal pain and restriction of the movement or disability of the joint for the patient. (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Reasons for cartilage damage are: The impact / blow caused during sport activities or accident Wear and tear because of overuse of a joint (Observed in elderly people) Lack of movement (Medical News Today, 2017) Figure No.1. Osteoarthritis Affected Region Image Source: www.osteoosteoOsteoarthritisresearchuk.org Osteoarthritis can affect any joint present in the body. As the knee-joint Osteoarthritis is the most common type of Osteoarthritis, in this report, we will discuss about knee-joint Osteoarthritis only. Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral are the two articular surfaces that the knee consists of. As it can be seen in the below image, the damaged cartilage, reduces the gap between joint and friction is generated between the bones which ultimately results in bone erosion and causes muscle pain or inflammation or restriction to the movement. Figure No.2. Osteoarthritis affected Knee Image Source: http://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/directory/o/Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect 250 million people worldwide. Osteoarthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults. And according to World Health Organization, 30% of men and women over the age of 65 have Osteoarthritis (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). Worldwide, 9.6% of men and 18.0% of women over the age of 60 years have symptomatic Osteoarthritis. Approximately 80% of those with Osteoarthritis will have limitations in movement, and 25% cannot perform their major activities of daily life (Duthey, 2015). Figure No.3. Prevalence of Osteoarthritis of Knee Image Source: Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions, Bulletin of the WHO 2003 1.2 Treatments available for Osteoarthritis: There are various ways to cure Osteoarthritis when it is at the initial level, such as: Exercise and weight loss Bracing Medication Viscosupplementation Nutritional supplements (Duthey, 2015). But when it becomes incurable by exercise and medication, surgical operations must be performed. Surgical procedures include: Debridement i.e. Smoothening of the cartilage using surgical instruments Marrow Stimulation, a treatment which helps in regrowth of cartilage in the joint (but this process is less reliable) (Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis in the Knee, 2017). Mosaicplasty, a process where the cartilage from some other joint of body is used. But this process has size limitations (Medical News Today, 2017). Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, a treatment in which a small part of no-load bearing cartilage is removed from the joint of the patient by Arthroscopy, regrown and multiplied in the laboratory and then implanted back in the body by a procedure called arthrotomy. (Cartilage Repair, 2017) (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Even though the Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation seems effective and easy, it has many disadvantages such as: The patients cartilage sample must be removed by a medical procedure, marked/tagged and treated separately just like blood sample. This treatment requires big Logistics and Supply Chain. It requires a lot of time (approximately 6 weeks) for cells to multiply. Hence, till then the patient will suffer from pain (Peretti et al. 2000). 1.3 Proposed Treatment for Osteoarthritis: All these problems can be solved by Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell. For autologous transplant donor and receiver are same, whereas for allogeneic transplant, the donor and the receiver are different. The selection of the donor must be done carefully cause if the tissue type, i.e. HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) doesnt match, the patients body will treat the transplanted organ or tissue as a foreign body. It might result in GVHD i.e. Graft Vs Host Disease. It is a fatal immune system response against stem cell transplant (Si et al. 2011). Selection of donor for allogeneic transplant: Syngeneic (i.e. Twins) It is the perfect HLA match, but very few people have a twin. HLA- matched relative (sibling) It is the second preferred option as HLA will be closely matched. HLA-matched unrelated donor, it can be possible to find a donor whose HLA matches to the patient. HLA-mismatched family member, even though the HLA doesnt match, it has great chance that patients body may accept it. Umbilical cord blood, stem cells retrieved during birth of the patient and preserved in a cell bank. It will be safest of all but stem cells must be available (Flomenberg et al. 2004). Hence, allogeneic implant will make sure that the patient wont have to undergo two medical procedures, as seen in autologous chondrocyte implantation. 1.4 What are HMSCs? HMSC means Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. They are multipotent cells, which have the ability to transform into bone, muscle, fat or cartilage, etc. upon the proper simulation of providing environmental conditions in the laboratory. They have potential for regeneration (Si et al. 2011) (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011) (Wei, 2013). Figure No.4. Potential of MSCs Image Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241215.php Figure No.5. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Image Source: http://www.cytopeutics.com/IntroductionOfStemCells.html For knee restoration, cartilage cells are needed. Hence, the MSCs will be simulated for cartilage development. MSCs exists in almost all tissues. These cells can be easily obtained from bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord cells and molar cells, fetal liver, muscle, and lung (Ahmed and Hincke, 2014) (Si et al. 2011). 1.5 Product delivery to the Patient: For blood transfusion, the blood group and presence of Rh factor is checked and the matching blood is introduced into the body. Similarly, after checking the tissue (HLA) match, the best matching cells are chosen and regrown exponentially in the controlled environment of a laboratory. When the required number of cells, shape, and size is achieved, the cartilage is implanted into the patient via an open joint surgery named arthrotomy. This implanted cartilage will function exactly as that of the original cartilage. This cartilage will function properly for approximately 10 years (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). 1.7 Functioning of the product in the patients body: Since, the HLA was matched, and the cartilage is manufactured using MSCs which has the same functional properties and characteristics that of the original cartilage, the function of the joint will return to normal. There wont be any complication after the treatment and that graft will be accepted by the body as a part of it, it wont be treated as a foreign body. MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITY REVIEW: 2.1 Current Manufacturing Technology and Scope for Future: Currently, the knee restoration is done via other surgical procedures. But because of those procedures have many limitations and they give only temporary relief, allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy will replace them in the coming time. Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy is currently under development. Various tests are being performed on them in the laboratory (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). First, the bone marrow or adipose tissue or cord sample is collected from the donor. Then the mesenchymal stem cells are separated out from other cells, such as fat or muscle by centrifugation or apheresis. These two density separation processes are feasible only for liquid. For the extraction from solid tissues, the slices of tissue are digested by the enzymes such as trypsin or collagenase. It breaks the bonding of cells i.e. the extracellular matrix (ECM) that holds the cells. Hence, the cell line is found (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011). Then the cells are harvested. During the cell culture process, there are various parameters that need to be monitored, little inconsistency will result in subnormal product or it might be just a waste of product. Temperature, humidity, oxygen, pH level of the cell culture reagent, nutrient supply and waste removal are the physical parameters and cell count and cell viability are the biological parameters that need to be monitored (Schwamb, Puskeiler and Wiedemann, 2015). Once the desired number of cells is achieved, boundary for CMB (Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies) is set. Then the cells are condensed to increase the seeding density as the cartilage requires higher seeding density. Then the fusion of the CMB happens. Now this fused CMB is pressurized against a porous decellularized bone matrix to create dense cellular region i.e. cartilage (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). As the knee joint is a mechanical tissue, physical stimulation is needed for its development. However, excessive stimulation can lead to cartilage damage (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). Cartilage then sticks to the surface of that bone matrix and takes its shape while growing around it. Then it is removed from the bone matrix to implant into the knee joint of the patient (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Figure No.6. Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies Fusion Image Source: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6940.abstract Currently, only culture plates and culture flasks are being used for allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells as it is still in testing phase (Schwamb, Puskeiler, and Wiedemann, 2015). Figure No.7. Culture flasks and plates Image Source: https://www.shutterstock.com But monitoring all these parameters becomes very hard when using flasks and plates. And the cells need to be shifted into bigger containers frequently. Also, flasks and plates are not useful for mass production because of size limitation and economic consideration. Hence, a device named bioreactor can replace them and still perform all those tasks efficiently. Figure No.8. Bioreactor for mass Cell Culture Image Source: http://www.bioc.rice.edu/bios576/nih_bioreactor/NDL_Bioreactor%20Page.html It is a container which is feasible for both aerobic and anaerobic cell culture and can be used for suspended as well as immobilized cells (Sandhya Anand, 2017). It can be operated in batch, fed batch and continuous mode. As MSCs are surface anchorage dependent, the extra agitation or stirring might result in damage to the tissue. And the MSCs require oxygen to grow, so it will be an aerobic, immobilized, batch production bioreactor. (Martin, Wendt and Heberer, 2004) (Oragui, Nannaparaju and Khan, 2011). 2.2 Challenges in mass production of MSCs: Large scale in vitro expansion of MSCs is very complex because maintaining cells quality attributes such as identity, potency, purity and safety is extremely hard. It is hard to monitor that the cells are not undergoing any quality changes while expansion and harvesting. Another challenge is obtaining required no of cells and their recovery. MSCs are not suspension type, but anchorage dependent therefore the surface area for anchorage and proliferation must be taken into account. As allogeneic treatments are supposed to be for a lot of people, hence the required no of cells must be extremely large. There are 3 major and 3 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class I and 3 major and 2 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class II. So, there are lots of variants to manufacture and maintain for the cartilage manufacturer. 2.3 Clinical Demand for Dosage: Even though there are 250 million people suffering from Osteoarthritis and 3.6% of them are suffering from knee Osteoarthritis i.e. 9 million people. More than 600,000 knee replacements are performed each year in the United States alone (A Nation in Motion, 2017). In UK 160,000 knee replacement surgeries are performed every year (Joint replacement statistics, 2017). As the cartilage manufactured in the laboratory exhibit almost similar properties that to the natural cartilage, it is expected to last approximately 50-60 years (i.e. Average human life) if there are no unexpected tragedies. Hence, once treated properly, the patient wont have to worry about the joint in his life again. 2.4 Supply Chain for Product: Figure No.9. Formation of Master Cell Bank First the cell line is chosen for culturing, it can be a well-known cell line or a newly found cell line. After certain passages, when the desired number of cells is achieved, the Master Cell Bank will be established. In this case, many Master Cell Banks are needed as there are many types of tissues. Then one portion of master cell bank will be used for research purpose, i.e. the working cell bank and the rest will be cryopreserved for future use. Good manufacturing practice protocol should be followed during cell culturing. Figure No.10. Clinical Process for Cell Culturing The working cell bank will be used for manufacturing of cells for mass production after testing is performed. Several production runs (i.e. Passages) will be performed to obtain the required number of cells. Then the cells will be cryopreserved in central storage and distributed via local channels until there is a patient who needs them. 2.5 Risk Assessment: The main aim of risk assessment is to prevent transmission of diseases, and avoid harm to individuals and the environment. In many countries, the performance of risk assessment is a legal requirement. (University of Manitoba) Risk Impact Probability of Occurrence Mitigation Strategy Tissue/cell origin Rejection of Cells Low Thorough testing of cell line Lack of Donor History Transmission of Disease Low Choosing a donor carefully Mismatch of HLA Graft vs Host Disease Intermediate Careful matching of HLA Environmental Changes Change in cell Quality High Close monitoring of environmental conditions Plasma Derived Material Cell line contamination with unwanted cells High Proper filtration of MSCs (Herberts, Kwa and Hermsen, 2011) 2.6 Biosafety Measure: Depending upon the as the product is human derived, Biosafety Level 2 practices, equipment and facilities are chosen. It is most suitable for clinical, diagnostic and teaching purposes. Laboratory personnel must maintain hygiene while entering and exiting the lab. Decontaminated of potentially infectious material must be done before disposal, either by a disinfectant, or by autoclaving. Personal protective equipment is only required when there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous material. The laboratory must be isolated from the general building. Laboratory personnel must be trained in handling pathogenic agents. Access to the laboratory should be limited during the work. Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment should be used and the rest can be performedÂÂ   on the open bench. Biosafety level 2 is suitable for indigenous moderate-risk agents. This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, human derived blood, body fluid, tissues, or primary cell lines (Inc, 2017). PROCESS MAP AND CELL GROWTH ANALYSIS: 3.1 Process Map: Figure No.11. Process Map for HMSC Therapy Process Description: Cell lines are created/chosen for each type of tissue (HLA). Shipping of the tissue sample to cell therapy processing facility. HMSC isolation and culturing in culture chambers (manual production using culture flask or culture plate) or bioreactor is performed. Fresh HMSCs are then tested for various parameters such as identity, potency, purity and safety, the modifications are done. Aliquoting of HMSC samples (i.e. Master Cell Bank) is done. Freezing and storage at -196 ÂÂ °C in Vapor Liquid Nitrogen (i.e. Cryopreservation) for future reference and use is done (Inc, 2017). Cells are thawed i.e. their temperature is brought up to normal room temperature and further increased to 37 ÂÂ °C (Normal Body Temperature) for best cell growth result (Inc, 2017). Cell characterization per release Criteria for Thawed HMSCs Expansion of thawed HMSCs using an incubator and/or bioreactor for production. Activation of HMSCs into final cell therapy product. Shipping of final product to medical treatment centre. Implantation of the cartilage into the patient by open joint surgery, i.e. arthrotomy (Harel, 2013). Cell Growth Analysis: As there are many types of tissues (HLA), testing for all of them must be performed and validated. Hence, the whole process will be repeated several times for each type of cells. Input Data: Desired seeding density= 1 million/ml Duration of Passage= 72 hours Doubling Time= 36 hours Efficiency= 80% (Average efficiency) Input Vial contains= 1.00E+09 cells Dose per Patient= 1.00E+09 cells =1 vial of dose Growth Rate= Ln (2) /Doubling Time= 0.019254 Seeding Density 1,000,000 Passage Duration 72 Doubling Time 36 Efficiency 0.8 Input Vial 1.00E+09 Growth Rate 0.019254 Phase 1 15 Patients Flask Dose Per Patient 1.00E+09 T25 MCB Creation Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note T75 Thaw 1.00E+09 800.00 8.00E+08 All Flask of Same Size T175 Passage 1 700 6.40E+08 2560.00 2.56E+09 4*T175 T500 Passage 2 2500 2.05E+09 8192.00 8.19E+09 5*T500 T650 Passage 3 7800 6.55E+09 26214.40 2.62E+10 6*T1300 T1300 Passage 4 26000 2.10E+10 83886.08 8.39E+10 1*T26000 T3250 T6500 T26000 MCBs Created 21.51 Equivalent Vials 83.89 Cells Per 5-Layer flask 3.90E+09 Phase 1 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Dosages 3.27E+01 2.62E+01 For Phase 1 Testing 21 Master Cell Banks will be created in a 5-layer flask (T3250). It would be equivalent to the size of 83.89 input vials after 4 passages. From those 21 cell banks, 1 will be thawed and the rest will be cryopreserved. That 1 cell bank will be chosen as working cell bank and will be harvested for production. During Phase 1, treating 30 patients will be the target. Hence, 30 vials of doses should be manufactured during phase one. Every time 20% loss of cells is considered while changing the flask. And During passages, exponential growth will take place. Formula for Exponential Growth is: The Ideal surface area is calculated by: Flask size was kept uniform during every passage. And Actual Surface Area was always chosen less than Ideal Surface Area to maintain the desired density and environment. Flask of capacity 5-Layer was chosen for MCB creation. Calculations for MCB, Number of doses, After successful testing of phase 1, phase 2 will begin where 300 patients will be treated. So, 300 vials of cells will be required. PHASE 2 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Dosages 3.35E+02 For Phase 2 Testing After successful testing of phase 1 and phase 2, phase 3 will begin when mass production will start and 100s of 1000s of people will be treated with allogeneic HMSC derived cartilage. PHASE 3 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Passage 5 312000 2.68E+11 1072285.63 1.07E+12 12*T26000 Passage 6 1066000 8.58E+11 3431314.00 3.43E+12 41*T26000 Passage 7 3406000 2.75E+12 10980204.81 1.10E+13 131*T26000 Dosages 1.10E+04 For Phase 3 Since, there are 7 passages the process to manufacture 11000 vials will require approximately 25 (considered an extra time for changing flask) days. And at that rate 15 batches will be produced per year and approximately 165000 patients can be treated per year. As there are 6 types of tissues (HLA) total number of patients treated will be 990000 approximately. It will be equivalent to 11% of global demand. Using Bioreactor for Phase 3: Instead of using Culture flasks or plates, a bioreactor can be used for cell culturing. To check which of these two techniques will be more efficient, all the parameters are kept same. And total time of 7 passages will be considered as one passage time for bioreactor. Passage Duration 504 Doubling Time 36 PHASE